Indo-Pakistan War of 1965

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War fought by India and Pakistan over the disputed region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. The war began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate aninsurgency against rule by India. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United ations (UN) mandated ceasefireand the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.

Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the International Border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoffbetween India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposinginfantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. Many details of this war, like those of other Indo-Pakistani Wars, remain unclear.

Contents   [hide]  1 Pre-war escalation 2 The war 2.1 Aerial warfare 2.2 Tank battles 2.3 Naval hostilities 2.4 Covert operations 3 Assessment of losses 3.1 Neutral assessments 4 Ceasefire 5 Intelligence failures 5.1 Indian miscalculations 5.2 Pakistani miscalculations 6 Involvement of other nations 7 Aftermath 7.1 India 7.2 Pakistan 8 Military awards 8.1 Battle honours 8.2 Gallantry awards 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 Sources and external links

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Part of the Indo-Pakistani Wars
Date August – September 23, 1965 Location Indian subcontinent Result United Nations mandated ceasefire.[1] No permanent territorial changes (seeTashkent Declaration).
Belligerents
India	Pakistan Supported by  Iran
Commanders and leaders
PM Lal Bahadur Shastri  Gen J.N Chaudhuri  Lt.Gen. Harbakhsh Singh  ACM Arjan Singh  Maj.Gen. Gurbaksh Singh	Pres. Ayub Khan  Gen Muhammad Musa  VAdm S.M. Ahsan  AM Noor Khan  MGen Tikka Khan  Gen Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik Iftikhar Janjua  Gen Abdul Ali Malik
Strength
720 Tanks 186 Centurions 346 Shermans 90 AMX 90 PT-76 628 Artillery 66x 3.7"How 450x 25pdr 96x 5.5" 16x 7.2" 700,000 Infantry	150 aircraft 756 Tanks 352 Pattons 308 Shermans 96 Chaffees 552 Artillery 72x105mm How 234X25pdr 126x155mm How 48x8" How 72x3.7" How POK Lt Btys 260,000 Infantry
Casualties and losses
Neutral claims 3,000 men At least 175 tanks 60–75 aircraft 540 km2 (210 mi2) of territory lost (primarily inRann of Kutch) Indian claims 59 aircraft lost[9] 322 km2 territory lost Pakistani claims 8,200 men killed or captured 110, 113 aircraft destroyed 500 tanks captured or destroyed  2602, 2575 km2territory gained	Neutral claims 3,800 men 200 tanks 20 aircraft Over 1,840 km2 (710 mi2) of territory lost (primarily in Sialkot,Lahore, and Kashmir sectors) Pakistani claims 19 aircraft lost Indian claims 5259 men killed or captured  43,73 aircraft destroyed  471 tanks destroyed 1920, 1078 km2gained

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Pre-war escalation

A declassified US State Department letter that confirms the existence of hundreds of "infiltrators" in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Dated during the events running up to the 1965 war.

Since Partition of British India in 1947, Pakistan and India remained in contention over several issues. Although the Kashmir conflict was the predominant issue dividing the nations, other border disputes existed, most notably over the Rann of Kutch, a barren region in the Indian state of Gujarat. The issue first arose in 1956 which ended with India regaining control over the disputed area. Pakistani patrols began patrolling in territory controlled by India in January 1965, which was followed by attacks by both countries on each others posts on 8 April 1965.Initially involving border police from both nations, the disputed area soon witnessed intermittent skirmishes between the countries' armed forces. In June 1965, British Prime MinisterHarold Wilson successfully persuaded both countries to end hostilities and set up a tribunal to resolve the dispute. The verdict, which came later in 1968, saw Pakistan awarded 350 square miles (900 km²) of the Rann of Kutch, as against its original claim of 3,500 square miles (9,100 km²).

After its success in the Rann of Kutch, Pakistan, under the leadership of General Ayub Khan, believed the Indian Army would be unable to defend itself against a quick military campaign in the disputed territory of Kashmir as the Indian military had suffered a loss to China in 1962. Pakistan believed that the population ofKashmir was generally discontented with Indian rule and that a resistance movement could be ignited by a few infiltrating saboteurs. Pakistan attempted to ignite the resistance movement by means of a covert infiltration, codenamed Operation Gibraltar The Pakistani infiltrators were soon discovered, however, their presence reported by local Kashmiris, and the operation ended in a complete failure.